Subsampling communication receiver architecture with gain control and RSSI generation

ABSTRACT

A first periodic voltage waveform ( 20 ) is downconverted into a second periodic voltage waveform ( 35, 36 ). A plurality of temporally distinct samples (SA 1,  SA 2, . . .  ) respectively indicative of areas under corresponding fractional-cycles of the first voltage waveform are obtained. The samples are combined to produce the second voltage waveform. The samples can be manipulated to provide gain adjustment to the second voltage waveform. The samples are obtained by charging a sampling capacitance in response to a current waveform that corresponds to the first voltage waveform. The use of different sampling capacitances during respective predetermined time intervals permits the signal strength of the first waveform to be determined from observation of the second waveform.

[0001] The present application is a continuation-in-part of copending U.S. Ser. No. 10/099,831 filed on Mar. 15, 2002, and the present application claims the priority under 35 USC 119(e)(1) of the following copending U.S. provisional applications Nos. : 60/286,421, 60/286,564, 60/286,736, 60/286,787, and 60/286,788, all filed on Apr. 25, 2001; and No. 60/343,653, 60/344,262, 60/343,938 and 60/343,673, all filed on Dec. 28, 2001. The present application discloses subject matter that is related to subject matter disclosed in copending U.S. Ser. No's. ______ (attorney docket TI-32949) and ______ (attorney docket TI-32953), both filed concurrently herewith. All of the aforementioned applications are incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The invention relates generally to communication receivers and, more particularly, to subsampling receiver architectures.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] A recent trend in direct-conversion receivers is to use subsampling. The basic approach is to sample the RF signal at an integer fraction of the carrier frequency greater than twice the bandwidth of the modulating signal. Spectral images of the modulating signals are repeated and down-conversion can be achieved by a low pass filter.

[0004] A general scheme based on subsampling operation is presented in D. H. Shen et al., “A 900-MHz RF front-end with integrated discrete-time filtering,” IEEE JSSC, Vol.31, pp. 1945-1954, December 1996 (hereinafter Shen), and is shown in FIG. 1. The RF input is sampled-and-held and followed directly by discrete time analog signal processing. The baseband signal is converted using an A/D converter. Sampling the carrier frequency f_(c) at a rate f_(s) results in spectral images located at nf_(s)±f_(c) where n is an integer. A desired spectral image can be filtered using a discrete time analog filter. In this approach, the lowest power solution would involve a tradeoff analysis between the input rate of the A/D converter and the complexity of anti-aliasing filters (see Shen) by appropriate selection of f_(s) in relation with f_(c). In this approach, channel select filtering, demodulation and baseband processing are done in the digital domain following the A/D converter. The final stages of the multi-stage analog filters can also be used to reduce the adjacent channel interferers, thereby reducing the dynamic range requirement and power dissipation of the A/D converter.

[0005] E. Cijvat et al, “A 1.8 GHz subsampling CMOS downcoversion circuit for integrated radio applications,” ISCAS 1998, Vol. 3, pp. 149-152, discloses a subsampling mixer implemented for 1.8 GHz RF system. The mixer is implemented using a track-and-hold circuit. A differential OTA is used to transfer the sampled charge to the output in order to cancel the charge feed-through and to attain high linearity. The speed of OTA determines the maximum f_(s).

[0006] Another example of the subsampling approach is disclosed in A. Rofourgaran et al., “A single-chip 900-MHz spread-spectrum wireless transceiver in 1 um CMOS. II. Receiver design,” IEEE JSSC, Vol. 33, pp. 535-547, April 1998, for a short-distance wireless binary FSK transceiver at 900 MHz. This approach substantially reduces power dissipation by hard-limiting the filtered output of a subsampling mixer. The high frequency images are rejected by −60 dB using a switched capacitor analog filter. The limiter serves to act as a 1-bit A/D converter which provides an over-sampled down-converted baseband signal. The signal is decoded using a 1-bit FSK demodulator. The AGC functionality is achieved using the filter, limiter and demodulator. This structure is simpler than the general architecture that typically requires a multibit A/D converter and VGAs, and thereby saves power. However, its application is not directly extendable to general modulation schemes.

[0007] Conventional subsampling receiver designs eliminate the need for IF filters, image-reject mixers, image reject filters and analog I/Q branches, thereby permitting a high level of integration. Further, the LO (local oscillator) in such designs operates at a much lower frequency than _(c). However, this design trades one set of problems for another. Exemplary disadvantages in such receivers typically include sensitivity to clock jitter and poor linearity.

[0008] Conventional receivers based on the subsampling principle require sample-and-hold (S/H) or track-and-hold stages operating at the IF rate. The signal-to-noise ration of such stages are limited by the clock jitter and settling time requirement of the S/H. Such stages cannot practically operate at RF frequencies because the required power dissipation will be prohibitively large for the required dynamic range performance (dictating quick settling time) and sampling frequency (dictating frequency aliasing).

[0009] It is therefore desirable to provide a subsampling receiver architecture that avoids problems such as those mentioned above with respect to the prior art.

[0010] A subsampling receiver architecture according to the invention can advantageously avoid problems such as mentioned above in the downconversion of a first periodic voltage waveform into a second periodic voltage waveform. A plurality of temporally distinct samples respectively indicative of areas under corresponding fractional-cycles of the first voltage waveform are obtained, and the samples are combined to produce the second voltage waveform. According to exemplary embodiments of the invention, the samples can be manipulated to provide gain adjustment to the second voltage waveform. According to other exemplary embodiments, the samples are obtained by charging a sampling capacitance in response to a current waveform that corresponds to the first voltage waveform. The use of different sampling capacitances during respective predetermined time intervals permits the signal strength of the first waveform to be determined from observation of the second waveform.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0011]FIG. 1 diagrammatically illustrates an example of a conventional subsampling receiver architecture.

[0012]FIG. 2 diagrammatically illustrates pertinent portions of exemplary embodiments of a multi-tap digital subsampling receiver architecture according to the invention.

[0013]FIGS. 3 and 3A diagrammatically illustrate exemplary embodiments of portions of the multi-tap digital subsampling receiver architecture of FIG. 2.

[0014]FIGS. 4 and 4A graphically illustrate exemplary signals of FIGS. 2 and 3.

[0015]FIGS. 5, 5A and 5B illustrate in tabular format examples of how the digital control unit of FIG. 3 can control the switches of FIG. 3.

[0016]FIGS. 6 and 6A illustrate in tabular format further examples of how the digital control unit of FIG. 3 can control the switches of FIG. 3.

[0017]FIG. 7 diagrammatically illustrates a general example of an FIR filter which can be implemented by the embodiments of FIG. 3.

[0018]FIGS. 8 and 8A illustrate in tabular format examples of how the digital control unit of FIG. 3 can control the switches of FIG. 3 to implement desired FIR filter functions.

[0019]FIG. 8B diagrammatically illustrates exemplary embodiments of the invention generally similar to those of FIG. 3 but with added components for realizing triangular filter coefficients.

[0020]FIG. 9, taken in conjunction with FIG. 3, diagrammatically illustrates exemplary dummy sampler embodiments according to the invention.

[0021]FIG. 10 diagrammatically illustrates exemplary embodiments of the invention wherein each capacitor of FIG. 3 is replaced by a bank of capacitors.

[0022]FIG. 11 diagrammatically illustrates exemplary embodiments of the capacitor banks of FIG. 10.

[0023]FIG. 12 illustrates in tabular format an example of how the digital control unit of FIG. 11 can control the switches of FIG. 11 to implement a desired FIR filter function.

[0024]FIG. 13 diagrammatically illustrates further exemplary embodiments of the banks of FIG. 10.

[0025]FIG. 14 illustrates exemplary operations which can be performed by the embodiments of FIGS. 2-13.

[0026]FIG. 15 illustrates how FIGS. 15A and 15B are to be viewed together.

[0027]FIGS. 15A and 15B illustrate in tabular format exemplary operations which can be performed by the architecture of FIG. 3.

[0028]FIG. 16 diagrammatically illustrates exemplary embodiments of the invention which permit resetting the IF amplifier of FIG. 3.

[0029]FIG. 17 illustrates how FIGS. 17A and 17B are to be viewed together.

[0030]FIGS. 17A and 17B illustrate in tabular format exemplary operations which can be performed by the embodiments of FIG. 16.

[0031]FIG. 18 illustrates in tabular format exemplary operations which can be performed by the embodiments of FIG. 3.

[0032]FIG. 19 is a timing diagram which illustrates exemplary operations which can be performed by the embodiments of FIG. 3.

[0033]FIGS. 19A, 19B, 19C and 19D illustrate in tabular format exemplary operations which can be performed by the architecture of FIG. 3 or FIG. 3A.

[0034]FIG. 20 diagrammatically illustrates a differential filter which can be implemented by the embodiments of FIGS. 2-13.

[0035]FIGS. 21 and 22 illustrate exemplary positioning of a recursive FIR filter for cooperation with the differential filter of FIG. 20.

[0036]FIG. 23 diagrammatically illustrates further exemplary embodiments of portions of the architecture of FIG. 2.

[0037]FIG. 24 illustrates in tabular format exemplary operations which can be performed by the embodiments of FIG. 23.

[0038]FIG. 25 diagrammatically illustrates an equivalent filter produced by the operations of FIG. 24.

[0039]FIG. 26 diagrammatically illustrates exemplary embodiments of the invention that can perform I/Q mixing.

[0040]FIG. 27 graphically illustrates exemplary control signals which can be used in the embodiments of FIG. 26.

[0041]FIGS. 28, 29, 30 and 31 diagrammatically illustrate exemplary multi-tap subsampling receiver architectures including gain control capabilities according to the invention.

[0042]FIGS. 32 and 33 diagrammatically illustrate exemplary multi-tap subsampling receiver architectures including RSSI measurement capabilities according to the invention.

[0043]FIG. 34 illustrates exemplary operations that can be performed by the embodiments of FIGS. 32 and 33.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0044]FIG. 2 diagrammatically illustrates pertinent portions of exemplary embodiments of a subsampling communication receiver according to the invention. The subsampling receiver architecture of FIG. 2 includes an input 20 for receiving the voltage waveform of a communications signal, for example an RF communication signal. This voltage waveform is applied to a low noise transconductance amplifier (LNTA) 22 which can use conventional techniques to transform the voltage waveform at 20 into a corresponding current waveform at 21. In some embodiments, the LNTA 22 can include a conventional low-noise amplifier (LNA) followed by a conventional transconductance amplifier (TA). The current waveform at 21 is applied to a switch and capacitor network 23. Switches in the network 23 are operable for sampling the current waveform, and capacitors in the network 23 are operable for integrating the current waveform samples. A digital control unit (DCU) controls the operation of the switches in the switch and capacitor network 23. At 29, the DCU receives oscillator signals from a local oscillator (LO). The switch and capacitor network 23 has an output for providing the aforementioned integrated current samples to an IF (intermediate frequency) amplifier 25 (also referred to as IFA) whose output drives an analog signal processing section 26, which in turn drives an A/D converter 27. The digital baseband signal output from the A/D converter 27 is passed on to a baseband processing portion of the receiver.

[0045]FIG. 3 diagrammatically illustrates exemplary embodiments of pertinent portions of the receiver of FIG. 2, which portions operate to mix the input signal from a higher to lower frequency, for example, from RF to IF. In particular, FIG. 3 illustrates the LNTA 22 coupled at 21 to the switch and capacitor network 23. FIG. 3 also illustrates an exemplary DCU 34 which controls various switches (e.g., transistor switches) in the network 23 via control busses 31, 32 and 33. The switch and capacitor network 23 includes outputs which are respectively coupled to the non-inverting and inverting inputs 35 and 36 of the IF amplifier 25. The LNTA 22 (e.g. a linear LNTA) and the IF amplifier 25 can be implemented, for example, with conventionally available designs. In some embodiments, the LNTA replaces the LNA of conventional designs. In other embodiments, an LNA with a gain greater than 1 is provided upstream of the LNTA.

[0046] The switch and capacitor network 23 includes a plurality of stages (eight in the example of FIG. 3), each of which includes a sampling switch S, a capacitor C, a shorting switch SH, and a read switch R. The eight stages of the network 23 of FIG. 3 are respectively designated by the numerals 1-8. The sampling switches S are controlled by the DCU control bus 31, the shorting switches SH are controlled by the DCU bus 32, and the read switches R are controlled by the DCU bus 33. Each of the sampling switches S has an input connected at 21 to the output of the LNTA 22. Each of the sampling switches S has an output coupled to its corresponding capacitor C, and each shorting switching SH is connected for selectively shorting the terminals of its corresponding capacitor C. Each read switch R has an input connected to the output of its corresponding sampling switch S, and has an output connected to the IF amplifier 25. The read switches R of stages 1-4 have their outputs coupled to the non-inverting input 35 of the IF amplifier 25, and the read switches R of stages 5-8 have their outputs coupled to the inverting input 36 of the IF amplifier 25. The digital control unit 34 also provides control signals for controlling transistor switches 38 and 39. Switch 38 selectively shorts the terminals of a capacitor coupling the output of the IF amplifier to its non-inverting input 35, and the switch 39 selectively shorts the terminals of a capacitor which couples the output of IF amplifier 25 to its inverting input 36.

[0047] The IF amplifier 25 is shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 for illustrative purposes. However, the IF amplifier 25 can be considered as a part of the analog signal processing section 26. In some embodiments, the IF amplifier 25 can be, for example, a continuous time buffer amplifier, a switched capacitor analog baseband filter, or an impedance transformer. The switch and capacitor network 23 includes a high impedance node for sustaining a down-converted information-carrying signal which needs subsequent processing. The IF amplifier 25 operates to transfer the information to the analog signal processing section 26 with an option to filter it actively or passively while presenting it to section 26.

[0048] In some embodiments, the LNTA 22 is AC coupled to the switched capacitor network 23, and in other embodiments, the LNTA is DC coupled to the switched capacitor network 23. Capacitively coupling the LNTA output to the sampling switches S blocks DC offset build-up which could otherwise occur due to offsets in the LNTA output.

[0049] In some embodiments, the shorting switches SH of FIG. 3 can connect the top plate of the sampling capacitors C to a voltage source. Hence, each switch SH may be used to reset the initial charge on the corresponding sampling capacitor C to a predetermined value which would be the common mode voltage of the sampling capacitor C as well as the common mode input for the IF amplifier 25.

[0050] In some embodiments, the IF amplifier 25 can be used as a buffer, or may itself be a switched capacitor filtering stage which processes the data on the sampling capacitors C while simultaneously presenting that data to the analog signal processing section 26.

[0051] In some embodiments, the shorting switches SH can be used to place a common mode voltage in the network 23 while destroying the charges held on the corresponding capacitors C (that is, while resetting the charges on the corresponding capacitors).

[0052] Hereinafter, the following nomenclature will be observed. The sampling switch S of a given stage will be designated as S followed by the number of that stage. For example, S1 designates the sampling switch S of stage 1 and S5 designates the sampling switch S of stage 5. Similarly, R1 designates the read switch R of stage 1 and R6 designates the read switch R of stage 6.

[0053]FIG. 3A demonstrates controlling the common mode voltage of one embodiment by resetting the voltage on the sampling capacitors to arbitrary VBIAS before new samples are integrated. Instead of discharging the sampling capacitors after they have been read by the IF amplifier, a predetermined voltage can be placed on them using the shorting switches SH as controlled by the DCU. This feature allows controlling the common mode voltage in this part of the receive chain by the DCU using the SH1-SH8 lines in the embodiment of FIG. 3A.

[0054]FIG. 4 graphically illustrates a relationship between the local oscillator signals at 29 and the current waveform at 21 in FIG. 2. As shown in FIG. 4, the local oscillator signals 29 include a signal LO+ and a signal LO−. The signals LO+ and the LO− can be generated in conventional fashion by the local oscillator of FIG. 2 in response to the input voltage waveform 20. The signal LO+ is high during the positive half cycles of the current waveform 21, and is low during the negative half cycles, and the signal LO− is low during the positive half cycles of the current waveform 21 and high during the negative half cycles. Thus, the signal LO+ can be used to sample the positive half cycles of the current waveform, and the signal LO− can be used to sample the negative half cycles of the current waveform.

[0055] As shown in the example of FIG. 4, a first current waveform sample SA1 corresponds to a positive half cycle of the current waveform, a second current waveform sample SA2 corresponds to the immediately following negative half cycle of the current waveform 21, a third current waveform sample SA3 corresponds to the immediately following positive half cycle of the current waveform, etc. Thus, the DCU 34 can gate the signals LO+ and LO− appropriately to the control inputs of the sampling switches S in order to permit the corresponding capacitors C to integrate the portion of the current waveform (positive half cycle or negative half cycle) that is sampled by the associated sampling switch S. The DCU 34 can also gate the signals LO+ and LO− appropriately to operate the read switches R as desired to dump the stored charge from the capacitors C to the IF amplifier 25. In the example of FIG. 4, the sampling and integrating operations are performed at the Nyquist rate of the RF signal.

[0056]FIG. 5 illustrates in tabular format one example of how the DCU 34 of FIG. 3 can use signals derived from LO+ and LO− to control the sampling switches and read switches of FIG. 3. In the example of FIG. 5, the samples SA1-SA10 correspond to the current waveform 21 as shown in FIG. 4. The sample SA11 of FIG. 5 merely represents the next positive half cycle sample (not shown in FIG. 4). FIG. 5 illustrates which sampling and read switches of FIG. 3 are closed by the DCU 34 during the various sampling intervals illustrated in FIG. 4. In FIG. 5 (and also in FIGS. 5A, 5B, 6, 6A, 8, 8A, 12, 15A-15B, 17A-17B,18, 19A, 19B, 19C and 19D) the illustrated sampling and read switches are open except during the sampling intervals indicated. The example of FIG. 5 illustrates sampling and read out at the Nyquist rate of the RF carrier signal. The IF amplifier 25 (see also FIG. 3) removes the sampled charged from the sampling capacitors C at this rate and subsequently presents it to the analog signal processing section 26.

[0057] Referring now to FIGS. 3-5, it can be seen from the example of FIG. 5 that the positive half cycles of the current waveform are integrated by the capacitors of stages 1-4, and the negative half cycles of the current waveform are integrated by the capacitors of stages 5-8. The integrated positive half cycles are sequentially read out to the non-inverting input 35 of the IF amplifier 25, and the integrated negative half cycles are sequentially read out to the inverting input 36 of the IF amplifier 25. Also in the example of FIG. 5, the positive and negative half cycles are read out to the IF amplifier alternately, in time-interleaved fashion. This provides full wave rectification. Although not explicitly shown in FIG. 5, each shorting switch SH can be operated to short the associated capacitor at any time after the charge has been read out via the corresponding read switch R and before the next closing of the corresponding sampling switch S.

[0058] The accumulation of charge flowing from the LNTA output into the sampling capacitor for half of the RF period results in direct-conversion to DC. The IF frequency of the waveform at 35, 36 can be arbitrarily changed by modifying the frequency of the local oscillator (LO) just as in conventional mixers.

[0059] Referring to FIGS. 3 and 4, because the capacitors C integrate the current waveform during an entire half cycle thereof for each sample SA1-SA10, any clock jitter in the signals LO+ and LO− (and in gated signals derived therefrom) will tend to have a relatively minor effect on the sample stored in the capacitor, because the integration operation of the capacitor determines the area beneath the waveform in the sampled half cycle. Thus, the current integration operation will typically be affected much less by clock jitter than would a conventional voltage sampling operation. The charge accumulated on a given sampling capacitor during an integration operation is manifested as a voltage on that capacitor, so the analog signal processing section 26 can use well-known conventional discrete time analog signal processing techniques to manipulate the voltages presented by the sampling capacitors.

[0060]FIG. 5A shows another example of timing generated from the DCU which relaxes the operating speed requirements of the IFA. The expression “-do-” in FIG. 5A and elsewhere means “same as above.” In this example, while four samples are accumulated, four previous samples are read out to the IFA, two combined together on the positive side and two combined together on the negative side. This is an example of “spatial averaging” in which two distinct capacitors (on each side) holding different samples are read together for twice as long. Reading these two capacitors together presents the average of the two to the IFA input which performs a decimation in rate by a factor of two. This can be extended to more than two capacitors on the same side (positive or negative), so more than two samples can be spatially averaged, with the data rate decimated by the number of capacitors averaged.

[0061]FIG. 6 illustrates in tabular format another example of how the DCU 34 of FIG. 3 can control the sampling switches S and read switches R. In the example of FIG. 6, each of the capacitors of stages 1-4 integrates two successive positive half cycles of the current waveform before the capacitor is read out to the IF amplifier, and each of the capacitors of stages 5-8 integrates two successive negative half cycles of the current waveform before being read out to the IF amplifier. Thus, samples SA1 and SA3 are both integrated by the capacitor of stage 1 (via operation of sampling switch S1) before the stored charge is read out (via operation of read switch R1) during samples SA4 and SA5. Similarly, the capacitor of stage 5 integrates the negative half cycles associated with SA2 and SA4 (via operation of sampling switch S5) before being read out (via operation of read switch R5) during samples SA5 and SA6. The shorting switches SH can short the capacitors after they are read out and before they are charged again. In general, a given capacitor can integrate as many samples as desired, but it should be ensured that the charge on the capacitor does not overflow under worst case operating conditions. This includes, for example, ensuring that the largest interferer does not overload the capacitor or the input stage of the IF amplifier.

[0062]FIG. 6 demonstrates an example of a concept referred to herein as “temporal summation.” In FIG. 6, on each side (positive and negative), two temporally distinct samples are accumulated on the same sampling capacitor before being read out. With the temporal summation illustrated in the example of FIG. 6, the output rate is decimated in time by a factor of two.

[0063]FIG. 6A demonstrates an example of “temporal summation and spatial averaging” where two temporally distinct samples are accumulated together on each of two sampling capacitors on each side before read out. The decimation factor is now equal to 4 in contrast to the previous examples demonstrating only temporal summation (e.g., FIG. 6) or spatial averaging (e.g., FIG. 5A), however the end result is to accumulate the average of four samples. The same end result can be obtained using temporal summation or spatial averaging exclusively (adjusting gain by scaling capacitors).

[0064]FIG. 7 diagrammatically illustrates an exemplary generalized FIR filter function which can be realized by the embodiments of FIGS. 2-4. The generalized FIR filter function of FIG. 7 includes M taps. A digital sample at time n is multiplied by a coefficient cf(0), a sample at time n−1 is multiplied by a coefficient cf(1), a sample at time n −2 is multiplied by a coefficient cf(2), and a sample a time n−M−1 is multiplied by a coefficient cf(M−1). The results of the coefficient multiplications are summed together at 71 and decimated by a factor of M at 72.

[0065]FIG. 8 illustrates in tabular format exemplary operations which can be performed by the DCU 34 of FIG. 3 to realize the following FIR filter:

½[x(n)]+½[x(n-1)].

[0066] The coefficients having a value ½ can be produced by closing two of the sampling switches S during a given sample (e.g. close S1 and S2 during SA1), thereby dividing the current from the LNTA 22 between two capacitors, each receiving ½ of the sampled current. Then, only one of the two capacitors is read out, thereby providing the desired coefficient value of 12. For example, a ½ coefficient for sample SA1 is realized by closing read switch R2 during sample SA3 (after both sample switches S1 and S2 were closed during SA1), and a ½ coefficient for sample SA2 is realized by closing read switch R5 during sample SA3 (after both sample switches S5 and S6 were closed during SA2). As discussed above, switches SH can short their respective capacitors any time between read out (if the capacitor was even read) and the next sample operation. The closing of two read switches simultaneously (e.g. R2 and R5 during SA3) provides decimation by a factor of two in this example. Other FIR filters with any desired coefficients, and any desired number of taps and decimation factor, can be implemented, for example, by providing more than 8 stages and/or varying the number of sampling switches S and read switches R that are closed during each sample. It may be advantageous to close the same number of sampling switches S during each sample, so the LNTA sees a constant load.

[0067]FIG. 8 demonstrates an example of a concept referred to herein as “sliding window” integration. Sliding window integration is an integration technique over multiple time samples. In FIG. 8, each sample is obtained by integrating the LNTA output on two sampling capacitors, so each individual capacitor has half the voltage due to the two-way current split during integration. This spatial splitting of the sample over two distinct capacitors permits that sample to be used during two distinct read out cycles. In the example of FIG. 8, the sliding window integration technique sums two temporally distinct samples during any given read out cycle. During the next successive read out cycle, two temporally distinct samples are again summed, but with the time window shifted by one sample, so one of the samples summed in the previous read out cycle is summed again in the next read out cycle. This is illustrated, for example, by noting that sample SA1 is split between stages 1 and 2, which stages are respectively read out during samples SA2 and SA3; sample SA2 is split between stages 5 and 6, which stages are respectively read out during samples SA3 and SA4; and sample SA3 is split between stages 3 and 4, which stages are respectively read out during samples SA4 and SA5. Using the sliding window integration technique, read out operations can be performed at the Nyquist rate of the RF carrier, but with temporal summation. The sliding window concept can be extended to longer time summation windows wherein the LNTA output is integrated on any desired number of capacitors, for example all capacitors in each of two or more banks of capacitors (described in more detail below), so that charge corresponding to a given sample can be included in as many consecutive read out cycles as desired.

[0068] The sliding window integration technique can be used to construct a filter with triangular coefficients which place two-zeros on the fold-over frequencies. It is important to realize that summing samples in time is equivalent to decimating the output of a moving average (MA) filter with unity coefficients by a factor equal to the number of accumulated samples as depicted in FIG. 7.

[0069] Decimation by a factor of M results in folding of the frequency band M−1 times. The transfer function of such a filter before decimation exhibits single zeros at the frequencies which fold over to DC. The intended receiver proposes very low-IF reception or even zero-IF so that the aliasing frequencies fall either very close to (for low-IF) or exactly on the zeros (for zero-IF) and are rejected by “strategically” placed zeros.

[0070] The attenuation by a single zero many not be enough if strong interferences reside at the fold-over frequencies and it is important to increase the rejection of such frequencies by increasing the number of zeros at these fold-over frequencies. Filters with triangular coefficients place two zeros at these aliasing frequencies and provide a much stronger rejection to them. Such filters can be implemented using the sliding window integration approach. Such a filter can be constructed, for example, using any of the techniques described herein that realize fractional coefficients. In some embodiments, a predetermined fraction can be chosen based on the desired coefficient value, and the remaining charge can be discarded. Alternatively, all of the sampled charge can be retained (i.e. do not destroy unwanted charge) while still realizing triangular coefficient filtering.

[0071] One exemplary embodiment of a filter realizing the triangular coefficients 1, 3, 3, 1 is shown in FIG. 8B. This structure has twice as many sampling capacitors as shown in FIG. 3 with the property that the two capacitors of each stage split the total integrating capacitance value K into fractional values of K/4 and ¾K. The read switches R1′-R16′ are used to read out the K/4 samples. A total of eight sampling capacitors are seen by the plus side of the IF amplifier and the same number by the minus side. Four weighted samples are accumulated with the ratio 1:3:3:1 and read out and decimated by M/2 instead of M (M=4 in this case). FIG. 8A shows the timing for this example.

[0072] Note from FIG. 8A that the read out rate is twice as fast as the rate suggested by reading four accumulated samples, due to the sliding window integration approach. This embodiment shows spatial averaging of 4 weighted samples and provides improved rejection to the aliasing frequencies. A time accumulation of weighted samples can also be done by providing appropriate capacitor size to the LNTA in the sampling phase. However, in this approach, the LNTA will see a varying output load.

[0073] The above example may also be extended to longer time accumulation on each sampling capacitor shown in FIG. 8B. Instead of accumulating one sample on one sampling capacitor (realized as two caps which make C together and can be splitted), we can accumulate an arbitrary number of samples and move to the next capacitor. In this case, one zero will be placed to the fold-over frequencies corresponding to decimation in time on one sampling capacitor. The fold-over frequencies due to spatial averaging with weighted coefficients will see two-zeros and will be rejected by a greater amount.

[0074] Referring again to FIG. 3A, the exemplary embodiments shown therein demonstrate passive infinite impulse response (IIR) filtering obtained by charge sharing the contents of the relevant sampling capacitors (selected by DCU for read operation) with another capacitor C_(A). The read out samples are charge shared with C_(A) when the respective sampling capacitors are shorted with C_(A). This splits the total charge on the aggregate of read out capacitors and previous charge on C_(A) according to the capacitor ratio of C_(A) to the aggregate of read out capacitors. C_(A) is never reset, and consequently creates a low-pass filter whose pole is determined by the ratio of the aggregate of sampling capacitors shorted together with C_(A) to the value of C_(A). The filtered down-converted signal is transferred by an IFA or a gain block which may also be viewed as an impedance transformer and which presents this data to blocks that perform further analog signal processing.

[0075]FIG. 9 diagrammatically illustrates exemplary dummy stage embodiments which can be alternatively used to generate various fractional coefficients. There are three dummy stages D1, D2 and D3, in the example of FIG. 9. Each dummy stage includes a sampling switch S, a capacitor C, a shorting switch SH, and a read switch R. The sampling switches, shorting switches and read switches are respectively controlled by the DCU busses 31,32 and 33. By closing the sampling switches Sin all of the dummy stages D1-D3, while the sampling switch of one of the stages 1-8 of FIG. 3 is also closed, the sampled current is divided four ways, thereby permitting realization of a coefficient of 1, ¾, ½, or ¼, depending on how many of the capacitors in dummy stages D1-D3 are read when the associated capacitor of stages 1-8 is read. The shorting switches SH of the dummy stages D1-D3 can be activated after the dummy capacitors are read, thereby ensuring that all dummy capacitors (whether read or not) are discharged before the next use of the dummy stages. Note that two sets of the dummy stages shown in FIG. 9 can be provided, one for cooperation with the stages 1-4 of FIG. 3 and the other for cooperation with the stages 5-8 of FIG. 3.

[0076]FIG. 10 diagrammatically illustrates pertinent portions of further exemplary embodiments of a subsampling communication receiver according to the invention. The arrangement of FIG. 10 is similar to the arrangement of FIG. 3, except each of the stages of FIG. 3 is replaced by a plurality of such stages. For example, for N=8 in FIG. 10, banks B1, B2, . . . BN−1, BN indicate that each of the 8 stages of FIG. 3 is replaced by a corresponding bank, wherein each bank includes a plurality of stages. Each of the banks receives the current waveform at 21 from the LNTA 22, just as each stage of FIG. 3 does, and each of the banks also receives control bus inputs from a DCU. Each bank also drives the IF amplifier 25, as does each stage of FIG. 3.

[0077]FIG. 11 diagrammatically illustrates exemplary embodiments of a bank of stages from FIG. 10. The example of FIG. 11 could correspond to any of the banks in FIG. 10. The exemplary bank of FIG. 11 includes 8 stages generally similar to the 8 stages of FIG. 3, each stage including a capacitor C, a sampling switch S, a shorting switch SH, and a read switch R. The sampling switches S are controlled by a DCU bus 101, the shorting switches SH are controlled by a DCU bus 102, and the read switches R are controlled by a DCU bus 103. Each stage of the bank of FIG. 11 includes a capacitor C_(B). The value of the capacitor C_(B) is determined from the total integrating capacitance value that is selected for the bank. For example, if an integrating capacitance value of K is desired, then the capacitance of C_(B) would be K/(number of stages in the bank), for example K/8 in FIG. 11. In this manner, if all of the sampling switches S are closed by DCU 100 during a desired sampling interval, then the desired integrating capacitance K is presented to the current waveform at 21. However, by selectively activating the read switches R, coefficient values of 1, N−1 /N, . . . 2/N and 1/N can be realized. That is, in the example of FIG. 11, coefficients of 1, ⅞, ¾, ⅝,. ½, ⅜, ¼, and ⅛ can be realized. After the desired coefficient has been read out to the IF amplifier, all remaining charges in the capacitors of the bank can be removed by activation of the shorting switches SH. The example of FIG. 11 can represent any of the banks B1, B2, etc. connected to the non-inverting input 35 of the IF amplifier 25 of FIG. 10, and can also represent any of the banks BN, BN−1, etc. connected to the inverting input 36 of the IF amplifier 25 of FIG. 10. In some embodiments, different banks of FIG. 10 may have different numbers of stages. This advantageously permits various levels of coefficient resolution.

[0078]FIG. 12 illustrates in tabular format exemplary operations which can be performed by the DCU of FIG. 10, in conjunction with 8 bank structures B1-B8 such as shown in FIG. 11, to realize the following FIR filter function:

¼[x(n)]+⅛[x(n−1)].

[0079] The leftmost column of FIG. 12 indicates which sample operation is being performed, in generally the same manner as in FIGS. 5, 6 and 8 above, and the remaining four columns indicate which of 8 exemplary banks (B1-B8) has switches S1-S8 closed, which has switches R1 and R2 closed, which has switch R3 closed, and which has switches SH1-SH8 closed. For each bank, the desired capacitance is used for integration by closing all eight sampling switches S1-S8 during the sampling operation, the coefficient ¼ is produced by thereafter closing read switches R1 and R2, and the coefficient ⅛ is produced by thereafter closing read switch R3. Using bank B1 as an example, after the read switch R3 has been closed to produce the coefficient ⅛ (during sample SA3), bank B1 's shorting switches SH1-SH8 are closed (during SA4) to remove all charges from the capacitors of bank B1. Note, for example, that during sample SA3, the capacitors of bank B2 are integrating the sample SA3, while read switches R1 and R2 of bank B5 are closed to produce the coefficient ¼ for sample SA2, and read switch R3 of bank B1 is closed to produce the coefficient ⅛ for sample SA1.

[0080]FIG. 13 diagrammatically illustrates further exemplary embodiments of the banks of FIG. 10. The bank of FIG. 13 includes three capacitors, two of which have a capacitance value equal to K/4, where K is the desired integrating capacitance, and one of which has a capacitance value of K/2. The DCU 131 of FIG. 13 appropriately controls the sampling switch S, shorting switch SH and the further transistor switches 132-135 such that the current waveform 21 sees the desired capacitance K (by closing switches 132-135 with switch SH open). For read out, the DCU 131 controls the read switch R and the switches 132-135 as desired to produce a coefficient value of 1 (switches 132-135 all closed), a coefficient value of 0.75 (switches 132 and 134 closed, switches 133 and 135 open), or a coefficient value of 0.5 (switches 132-135 all open). After a desired coefficient has been realized using the bank of FIG. 13, any unwanted charge can be removed by closing switches 132-135 along with shorting switch SH.

[0081] FIGS. 15A-15B illustrate in tabular format exemplary operations which can be performed by stages 1-4 of FIG. 3 in response to DCU 34. As shown in FIGS. 15A-15B, beginning at sample SA19, read switch R1 is closed in order to read out the integrated samples stored in the capacitor of stage 1. This read operation of switch R1 continues through sample SA35 and, beginning with sample SA37, the samples integrated and stored by stage 2 are read out by closure of read switch R2. The samples integrated and stored by stages 3 and 4 are thereafter consecutively read out, after which the readout process returns to stage 1 and progresses through stages 1-4 repeatedly. Thus, in the example of FIGS. 15A-15B, after sample SA17, the integrated samples stored in stages 1-4 are continuously being read out to the IF amplifier 25 (see also FIG. 3). It should be clear that stages 5-8 can be operated analogously (not shown in FIGS. 15A-15B) with respect to the even numbered samples SA2, SA4, etc. Under these conditions, there is no opportunity to reset the IF amplifier 25 of FIG. 3, for example, by operating switches 38 and 39 appropriately to short their associated capacitors. There is likewise no opportunity to make conventional offset corrections, internal resets, or other conventional adjustments in the IF amplifier. The situation of FIG. 15 can arise, for example, because the IF amplifier is operating at its maximum data rate just to “keep up” with the incoming samples.

[0082]FIG. 16 diagrammatically illustrates further exemplary embodiments of the invention which permit resetting or otherwise correcting or adjusting the IF amplifier. FIG. 16 illustrates additional stages such as shown in FIG. 3, which can be added to the arrangement of FIG. 3. Stage 9 as illustrated in FIG. 16 includes a sampling switch S, capacitor C, shorting switch SH and read switch R, just as do the other stages of FIG. 3. Stage 9, as illustrated, is intended to be cooperable with stages 1-4, and stage 10, as illustrated parenthetically in FIG. 16, is intended to be cooperable with stages 5-8. The cooperation of stage 9 with stages 1-4 permits any desired adjustment of the IF amplifier 25. One example of such cooperation between stages 1-4 of FIG. 3 and stage 9 of FIG. 16 is illustrated in FIGS. 17A-17B.

[0083] From sample SA1 througah sample SA71 in FIG. 17A, the sampling switch operation of FIG. 17A is identical to that of FIG. 15A. However, FIG. 17A differs from FIG. 15A beginning at sample SA55, because switch R3 is not closed during samples SA55 through SA71, in contrast to FIG. 15A. Thus, stage 3 is not read out to the IF amplifier during this period of time, thereby permitting adjustment of (or settling time for) the IF amplifier. Stages 5-8 can be operated analogously relative to even numbered samples in generally the same time period to permit adjustment of IF amplifier 25. The invention thus creates a period of time during which the IF amplifier can be adjusted and reset as needed. Beginning with sample SA73 and continuing through sample SA121, the sampling switch S9 of stage 9 replaces the sampling switch S3 of stage 3 in the sampling operation. Because the sampling switch S3 of stage 3 is not closed during this period of time, both read switches R3 and R4 of stages 3 and 4 can be closed from SA73 through SA89, instead of only read switch R4 as in FIG. 15A. Beginning with sample SA91 and continuing through sample SA125, the read switch operation of FIG. 17B is the same as the read switch operation of FIG. 15B. From sample SA127 through sample SA167, the sampling switch operation of FIG. 17B is the same as shown as in FIG. 15B. However, beginning with sample SA127 and continuing through sample SA143, no read switch is closed, thereby permitting the IF amplifier to be adjusted. Beginning at sample SA145 and continuing through sample SA161, both read switch R4 and read switch R9 are closed, instead of only read switch R4 as in FIG. 15B. Thereafter, beginning at sample SA163, read switch R1 is closed, as in FIG. 15B. Beginning at sample SA163, the read switch operation pattern illustrated at SA19 through SA161 repeats itself, and sample switch S9 is again substituted for sample switch S3 in generally the same manner described above. Stages 5-8 can be operated analogously in conjunction with stage 10 to process the even numbered samples.

[0084] Thus, by adding stage 9 for cooperation with stages 1-4 and stage 10 for cooperation with stages 5-8, additional samples can be integrated and stored while no read switch is closed, thereby permitting the IF amplifier to be adjusted.

[0085]FIG. 18 illustrates exemplary operations which can be performed by the embodiment of FIG. 3 to permit resetting of the IF amplifier. In the example of FIG. 18, stage 1 integrates and stores the first 9 odd numbered (i.e. positive half cycle) samples, stage 2 integrates and stores the next 9 samples, stage 3 integrates and stores the next 9 samples, and stage 4 integrates and stores the next 9 samples. This pattern of each stage integrating and storing 9 successive positive half cycle samples is repeated throughout the example of FIG. 18. However, in this example, no read switches are closed while sampling switch S4 is closed. After all 4 stages have integrated and stored samples, namely beginning with sample SA73, read switches R2, R3 and R4 are closed along with sampling switch S1, read switches R1, R3 and R4 are closed along with sampling switch S2, and read switches R1, R2 and R4 and closed along with sampling switch S3. Thus, the operation illustrated at sample SA73 through SA143 repeats itself beginning at sample SA145. Stages 5-8 of FIG. 3 can be operated analogously with respect to the even numbered (negative half cycle) samples. Because no read switches are closed along with sampling switch S4 (and analogously S8), the IF amplifier can be adjusted while stages 4 and 8 are sampling and integrating their allocated number of samples (9 each in this example).

[0086]FIG. 19 is a timing diagram which illustrates exemplary operations which can be performed by stages 1-3 and 5-7 of the arrangement of FIG. 3 (or FIG. 3A). The square wave pulses illustrated in FIG. 19 are the digital control pulses applied by the DCU to the gates of the sampling switches S of the stages illustrated in FIG. 19. Thus, for example, stages 1 and 5 are used to integrate samples SA1-SA8, stages 2 and 6 are used to integrate samples SA9-SA16, and stages 3 and 7 are used to integrate samples SA17 -SA4. Stages 1 and 5 are then used again to integrate samples SA25-SA32, and so on as illustrated.

[0087] Also in FIG. 19, the term “hold” designates those periods of time wherein both the sampling switch S and the read switch R of a given stage are both open. Also, the term “dump” in FIG. 19 designates those periods of time wherein the sampling switch S of a given stage is open while the read switch R of that stage is closed, thereby permitting the charge stored in the capacitor C of that stage to be “dumped” to the IF amplifier 25. Thus, as shown in FIG. 19, samples SA1-SA8 are integrated by stages 1 and 5, samples SA9-SA16 are integrated by stages 2 and 6, samples SA1-SA16 are dumped from stages 1,2, 5 and 6 while samples SA17-SA24 are integrated by stages 3 and 7, and samples SA17 -SA4 are dumped from stages 3 and 7 while samples SA25-SA32 are integrated by stages 1 and 5.

[0088] Thereafter, while stages 2 and 6 integrate samples SA33-SA40, all of stages 1, 3, 5 and 7 are held instead of dumped. Then, while stages 3 and 7 integrate samples SA41-SA48, samples SA25-SA32 (previously integrated by stages 1 and 5) are dumped by stages 1 and 5, and samples SA33-SA40 (previously integrated by stages 2 and 6) are dumped from stages 2 and 6. During the integration of samples SA33-SA40 by stages 2 and 6, and while samples SA25-SA32 are still being held in stages 1 and 5, the IF amplifier 25 can be adjusted, as illustrated in FIG. 19. Thereafter, while stages 3 and 7 integrate samples SA41-SA48, stages 1 and 5 “catch up” by dumping samples SA25-SA32 simultaneously with the dumping of samples SA33-SA40 from stages 2 and 6. Thereafter, samples SA49-SA56 are integrated by stages 1 and 5 while stages 3 and 7 dump samples SA41-SA48, after which samples SA49-SA56 are held in stages 1 and 5 while stages 2 and 6 integrate samples SA57 -SA4. This permits the IF amplifier to be adjusted while stages 2 and 6 integrate samples SA57-SA64. Stages 1 and 5 “catch up” while stages 3 and 7 integrate samples SA65-SA72. This “catch up” is again accomplished by dumping stages 1 and 5 (samples SA49-SA56) simultaneously with stages 2 and 6 (samples SA57-SA64).

[0089]FIG. 19A illustrates in tabular format a simplified example of operations which can be performed by the embodiments of FIG. 3 (or FIG. 3A). The example of FIG. 19A assumes that stages 1 and 2 of FIG. 3 are used to capture all positive half cycle samples, and that stages 5 and 6 of FIG. 3 are used to capture all negative half cycle samples (not explicitly shown in the example of FIG. 19A). In FIG. 19A, stages 1 and 2 each capture sets of four consecutive positive half cycle samples in alternating fashion, and the samples captured by each stage are read out to the IF amplifier during the sampling operation of the other stage. Stages 5 and 6 cooperate similarly to capture and read out the negative half cycle samples. In the example of FIG. 19A, the maximum data rate of the IF amplifier is such that the read out periods in FIG. 19A are the same length as the sampling periods. Thus, a situation analogous to that described above with respect to FIGS. 15A and 15B arises, namely, the IF amplifier is completely occupied in “keeping up” with the captured samples, so there is no time available to adjust the IF amplifier.

[0090]FIG. 19B illustrates in tabular format one exemplary solution to the problem of FIG. 19A according to the invention. In the simplified example of FIG. 19B, stage 3 of FIG. 3 (or FIG. 3A) is used to provide time for adjusting the IF amplifier. After stage 1 has collected four consecutive positive half cycle samples, stage 2 then collects the next four consecutive positive half cycle samples. Thereafter, the next four positive half cycle samples are collected by stage 3, while stages 1 and 2 are read out to the IF amplifier. The next four samples are collected by stage 1, after which stage 2 collects the next four samples, while stages 1 and 3 are read out to the IF amplifier. The next four samples are collected by stage 3, after which stage 1 collects the next four samples while stages 2 and 3 are read out to the IF amplifier. The next four samples are collected by stage 2, after which stage 3 collects the next four samples, while stages 1 and 2 are read out to the IF amplifier. When compared to the operation of FIG. 19A, the use of the third stage (stage 3) in FIG. 19B permits the last eight samples collected to be read out to the IF amplifier during the time period needed to collect the next four samples. This permits the IF amplifier to “keep up” with the sample collection rate, but the read out operation occurs only half as often as in FIG. 19A, thus providing idle time periods where no samples are being read out to the IF amplifier, and the IF amplifier can be suitably adjusted during those idle time periods. Regarding the negative half cycles, it should be clear that stage 7 can be used in conjunction with stages 5 and 6 (see also FIG. 3) to achieve the same results that are achieved by using stage 3 in conjunction with stages 1 and 2 as shown in FIG. 19B.

[0091]FIG. 19C illustrates in tabular format another exemplary solution to the problem of FIG. 19A according to the invention. In the simplified example of FIG. 19C, stages 1 and 2 each collect sets of eight consecutive positive half cycle samples in alternating fashion. After stage 1 has collected eight consecutive positive half cycle samples, the samples collected by stage 1 are read out while stage 2 is collecting the first four of its eight positive half cycle samples. After stage 2 has completed collection of its eight samples, then those eight samples are read out while stage 1 is collecting the first four of its next eight samples. Thus, as in FIG. 19B, the IF amplifier read out cycles are spaced apart by idle periods of time wherein the IF amplifier can be adjusted as desired. FIG. 19C also indicates parenthetically that the sampling capacitor of stage 1 can be reset (by closing switch SHI) while stage S2 is collecting the last four of its eight samples, because all samples previously collected by stage 1 were read out to the IF amplifier while stage 2 was collecting its first four samples. Similarly, the sampling capacitor of stage 2 can be reset while stage 1 is collecting the last four of its eight samples, because the samples previously collected by stage 2 were read out to the IF amplifier while stage 1 was collecting the first four of its eight samples. The operations illustrated in FIG. 19C can of course be applied to the negative half cycles by analogously operating stages 5 and 6 of FIG. 3.

[0092] It can be seen from a comparison of FIGS. 19B and 19C that, in both examples, eight previously collected positive half cycle samples are read out to the IF amplifier while the next four positive half cycle samples are being collected. Thus, the examples of FIGS. 19B and 19C are identical with respect to their filtering characteristics. However, in the example of FIG. 19B, the eight samples that are read out to the IF amplifier are collected on two different stages, with four samples on each stage, whereas in FIG. 19C, all eight samples that are read out to the IF amplifier are collected on a single stage. The accumulation of eight samples on a single capacitor in FIG. 19C provides more voltage gain than does the accumulation of four samples on two different capacitors in FIG. 19B. Thus, although the examples of FIGS. 19B and 19C exhibit identical filtering characteristics, these two examples differ in their respective gain characteristics, with FIG. 19C providing better gain performance. The differing gain characteristics between the examples of FIGS. 19B and 19C can be used as part of the automatic gain control loop of the receiver of FIG. 3 (or FIG. 3A). (The gain can be changed, for example, by making the capacitors of the different stages proportionately smaller.) Given that the example of FIG. 3 (or FIG. 3A) includes eight stages, the operations of FIG. 19B or 19C can be readily accommodated by the embodiments of FIG. 3 (or FIG. 3A), thereby permitting the gain to be controlled, for example, by switching between operations such as illustrated in the examples of FIGS. 19B and 19C according to whether the gain is to be increased (FIG. 19C) or decreased (FIG. 19B).

[0093] Referring again to the example of FIG. 19, the IFA read out (dump) period is twice as long as the IFA reset period. In the examples of FIGS. 19B and 19C, the read out and adjustment periods are equal in length. FIG. 19D illustrates another example wherein the IFA adjustment period is twice as long as the IFA read out period. In the example of FIG. 19D, stage 1 collects eight consecutive samples, after which stages 1 and 3 are read out while stage 2 collects the next four samples. Thereafter, stage 1 collects the next eight samples, after which stages 1 and 2 are read out while stage 3 collects the next four samples. This process then repeats itself as shown. In the example of FIG. 19D, twelve previously collected positive half cycle samples are read out to the IF amplifier while the next four positive half cycle samples are being collected. Thus, the filtering characteristics of the example of FIG. 19D differ from the filtering characteristics of FIGS. 19B and 19C. The operations illustrated in FIG. 19D can be performed using, for example, the arrangement of FIG. 3 or FIG. 3A. Of course, the negative half cycle samples can be handled analogously to the handling of positive half cycle samples illustrated in FIG. 19D.

[0094] As mentioned above, FIGS. 19B and 19D illustrate simplified examples of operations according to the invention. The concepts illustrated in FIGS. 19B-19D can of course be extended to implement any desired IF read out timing arrangement, for example, by adding more sampling stages as necessary.

[0095] It should be clear from the foregoing discussion that the IF amplifier can provide filtering as well as gain. The filtering may be performed in an active manner, a passive manner (e.g. using capacitors C_(A) of FIG. 3A), or a combination of active and passive filtering. Idle time periods can be provided to permit internal offset correction or other adjustments with respect to IF amplifier. These idle time periods can be provided periodically after each read out period. The length of the idle time periods can be the same as, greater than or less than the length of the read out time periods.

[0096] As illustrated by the exemplary embodiments of FIGS. 15-19D, various numbers of stages can be utilized and controlled appropriately to realize any desired ratio of adjustment (idle) period length to read out period length.

[0097] Referring again to FIG. 7, the signal y(n) can be expressed as follows: ${y(n)} = {\sum\limits_{i = 0}^{M - 1}{{{cf}(i)} \cdot {{x\left( {n - i} \right)}.}}}$

[0098] In the frequency domain, this becomes:

Y(z)=C(z)X(z).

[0099] Note that C(z) can be also be expressed as follows:

C(z)=C(Z)[(1−z ⁻¹)](1−z−⁻¹)=C^(diff)(z)/(1−z ⁻¹), where

C ^(diff)(z)=C(z)−z ⁻¹ C(z).

[0100] C^(diff) can be considered to be a filter whose output is given by:

Y ^(diff)(z)=C^(diff)(z)X(z).

[0101] Note that, in C^(diff) the term z⁻¹ C(z) is merely a delayed response of the filter C(z), so C^(diff) is realized by using a filter whose coefficients are obtained by subtracting cf(i−1) from cf(i). Such coefficients are conventionally referred to as differential coefficients, and the use of filters with such differential coefficients is well known in the art. For a filter having coefficients that are highly correlated, the dynamic range requirement of the filter can be reduced by using the C^(diff) filter with the differential coefficients. The digital time domain function y^(diff)(n) corresponding to Y^(diff)(z) is expressed as follows: ${y^{diff}(n)} = {{{{cf}(0)} \times (n)} + {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{M - 1}{\left( {{{cf}(i)} - {{cf}\left( {i - 1} \right)}} \right) \times \left( {n - i} \right)}} - {{{cf}\left( {M - 1} \right)} \times {\left( {n - M + 1} \right).}}}$

[0102] The dynamic range requirement of a filter utilizing differential coefficients is typically only a small fraction of the dynamic range requirement of the original filter.

[0103]FIG. 20 diagrammatically illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a differential filter which can be realized by the embodiments of FIGS. 2-13. The structure of the differential filter 201 of FIG. 20 is generally similar to that of the filter illustrated in FIG. 7 (for M=4), except the DCU controls the sampling switches S and read switches R such that the filter utilizes the illustrated differential coefficient values. The differential filter 201 produces the signal y^(diff)(n), which is then applied, in the embodiment of FIG. 20, to an integrating filter 202 which produces the desired signal y(n). The integrating filter 202 accounts for the fact that C^(diff)(z) must be divided by (1−z⁻¹) to obtain the desired transfer function C(z). In some exemplary embodiments, the integrating filter illustrated at 202 can be replaced by another recursive filter. In other exemplary embodiments, the filter at 202 can be completely eliminated, and unwanted interferer energy will still be substantially rejected.

[0104]FIGS. 21 and 22 diagrammatically illustrate exemplary positioning of a recursive filter (for example the integrator of FIG. 20 or a lossy integrator) according to the invention. As shown in FIG. 21, the recursive filter can be implemented within the analog signal processing section 26 of FIG. 2 and, as shown in FIG. 22, the recursive filter can be implemented digitally at the digital output side of the AID converter 27 of FIG. 2. FIGS. 21 and 22 also illustrate further exemplary embodiments wherein the output of the recursive filter can be applied to a low pass (LP) filter to obtain additional filtering functions. In other embodiments, the low pass filter can be omitted, as shown by a broken line in FIGS. 21 and 22.

[0105] The dynamic range of differential coefficients is reduced when using the sliding window integration technique described above relative to FIG. 8A. This means that a smaller capacitor spread can be used to realize a filter that would otherwise require a much larger capacitor spread. For example, the original filter may require realizing a capacitor spread of 1 pF-256 pF, which is very difficult due to large dynamic range. For a narrowband filter, using differential coefficients can advantageously reduce this dynamic range to a much smaller range of variation.

[0106]FIG. 23 diagrammatically illustrates exemplary embodiments of portions of the multi-tap digital subsampling receiver architecture of FIG. 2. FIG. 23 presents a single-ended example including stages 1-8 as shown in FIG. 3, but wherein the outputs of all read switches R are connected together at the inverting input of the IF amplifier, whose non-inverting input is connected to a fixed potential (e.g. ground) to provide the single-ended configuration.

[0107] If, for example, stages 1 and 2 are operated to integrate alternate samples in a sequence of J samples, such as shown in the first two rows of the table in FIG. 24 (see also FIG. 4), and if the charges stored in stages 1 and 2 are thereafter read out to the IF amplifier 25, as shown (by closure of read switches R1 and R2) in the third and fourth rows of the table of FIG. 24, then the equivalent filter is illustrated in FIG. 25. That is, J consecutive samples, namely SA1-SAJ, are integrated and stored in stages 1 and 2, in response to control signals produced by the DCU on the sampling switch control bus 31. This operation of the sampling switch control bus 31 results in the computation of an inner produce with the sequence {1, 1 . . . 1}. Thus, any sampling switch control sequence applied, for example, to sampling switches S1 and S2 is correlated with the input signal, and the result is stored in the corresponding capacitors of stages 1 and 2. Therefore, despreading of CDMA signals can be obtained by applying the spreading sequence or pseudo-noise (PN) code at sampling switches S1 and S2. The capacitors of stages 1 and 2 then act as a correlator. The output of the correlator can then be moved to the IF amplifier 25. The DCU can provide the spreading sequence or the PN code at the control inputs of the sampling switches S1 and S2.

[0108] As shown in FIG. 24, after samples SA1-SAJ have been integrated by stages 1 and 2, samples SAJ+1-SA2J are sampled and integrated by stages 3 and 4 while the integrated samples from stages 1 and 2 are read out to the IF amplifier. Thereafter, the samples SA2J+1-SA3J are integrated and stored by stages 1 and 2, while samples SAJ+1 -SAJ stored in stages 3 and 4 are read out to the IF amplifier. Samples SA3J+1-SA4J (not explicitly shown) are handled by stages 3 and 4, as stages 1 and 2 continue to alternate with stages 3 and 4, stages 1 and s2 integrating while stages 3 and 4 are reading out, and vice versa.

[0109] If the LNTA 22 is designed to provide two independent (e.g. current mirrored) outputs (not explicitly shown in FIG. 23), with one output connected to stages 1-4 and the other output connected to stages 5-8, then the structure of FIG. 23 can parallelize the despreading operation, because a different spreading sequence or PN code can be used with respect to stages 5-8 than is used with respect to stages 1-4. This can be viewed as a RAKE operation with stages 1-4 used as a first RAKE finger and stages 5-8 used as a second RAKE finger. The capacitors C associated with each RAKE finger contain the correlator output values. Thus, stages 5, 6, 7 and 8 process the same samples as stages 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively, but with a different spreading sequence or PN code.

[0110] Continuing with the example of FIGS. 23-25, any additional number of RAKE fingers can be provided by simply adding 4 additional stages for each additional RAKE finger. Moreover, additional stages can also be added for the purpose of relaxing the readout and reset timing of the IF amplifier 25, in generally the same fashion as described above with respect to FIGS. 15-19.

[0111]FIG. 14 illustrates exemplary operations which can be performed by exemplary embodiments of the present invention. At 141, the voltage waveform is transformed into a current waveform. At 142, capacitors are used to integrate samples of the current waveform. At 143, analog signal processing (for example to produce FIR filtering) is performed on the integrated samples.

[0112]FIG. 26 diagrammatically illustrates exemplary embodiments of the invention that can perform I/Q mixing. Two separate (e.g. current mirrored) LNTA outputs are provided. Each LNTA output drives two sampling capacitors, one associated with an input (non-inverting or inverting) of the I phase differential amplifier, and one associated with the corresponding input (non-inverting or inverting) of the Q phase differential amplifier. Examples of the signals (V_(Ch,I) and {overscore (V)}_(Ch,I) and V_(ch,Q) and {overscore (V)}_(Ch,Q)) that control the sampling capacitors of FIG. 26 are shown graphically in FIG. 27. As shown in FIG. 27, the I phase control signal V_(ch,I) is in phase with the RF waveform V_(RF),and the Q phase control signal V_(ch,Q) is phase shifted by 90°.

[0113] Gain control is an important part of the receiver and allows extension of the dynamic range of the receiver's functional blocks to beyond what is physically realizable. As an example, if the ADC 27 (see FIG. 2) has a dynamic range of 60 dB, whereas the input signal has a dynamic range of 100 dB, the same ADC can be used to digitize the signal if the front-end can provide gain reduction of 40 dB. Hence, the ADC is configured to operate with the smallest signal and covers a range of 60 dB above this value. On detecting that the input signal is above the largest signal detectable by the ADC without saturating it, the front-end gain can be reduced so that now the ADC sees a different range of signal values. Thus, the ADC's 60 dB of dynamic range can suffice such that the strongest input will not saturate the ADC.

[0114] Using dummy capacitors as shown in FIG. 9 provides a way to reduce the gain. The total charge provided by the LNTA during one half rf cycle is fixed by the gm of the TA (see also FIG. 8B) and the charge time duration. This charge may be accumulated on one or more sampling capacitors. In some embodiments, dummy capacitors are charged together with the sampling capacitors in every charge cycle. At the read out time, the charge on the dummy capacitors is not read-out, but has instead been destroyed, thereby reducing the overall gain. Some or all dummy capacitors may be read with the sampling capacitors depending upon the desired gain. Separate banks of dummy capacitors (see also FIGS. 10-13) maybe used together with separate banks of sampling capacitors to provide a desired gain to the signal.

[0115] When using dummy capacitors, the charge can be sampled on all the capacitors, and then read out from as many capacitors as necessary to provide the desired gain. As an example, if N sampling capacitors (or banks) are actively sampling the charge in the sampling phase, the total capacitance seen by the TA is N times the single sampling capacitor (or bank). The voltage on the aggregate is N times smaller than it would be if the same charge was stored on only one capacitor (or bank). During read out, the charge on some (i.e. the dummy) capacitors has been destroyed, but all capacitors are read together. Due to charge sharing between the sampling capacitors holding the sampled charge and the ones whose samples have been destroyed just before read out, the read out voltage would be smaller. As an example, let N=8. Then the rf cycles are accumulated on all 8 sampling capacitors (or banks). During read out, if a gain reduction by ⅞ is desired, the sampled charge on 7 capacitors (or banks) is destroyed and all eight capacitors (or banks) are read out together. Then the ⅛ of sampled charge will redistribute on these 8 capacitors (or banks) when they are shorted together during read out and the voltage will fall to ⅛^(th) the sampled voltage.

[0116] In other embodiments, a single bank of capacitors may be used to sample the rf cycles. At readout time, depending upon the amount of gain reduction desired, the sampled charge can be read out together with an initially discharged dummy capacitor of appropriate size. Assume again a desire to reduce the gain by a factor of ⅞. After sampling the rf cycles on the sampling capacitors, the charge is read out together with a dummy capacitor which is discharged before the read out and whose size is 7 times the size of the total sampling capacitance.

[0117] When all capacitors are charged together for all rf cycles, the TA sees a constant load. If variable load to the TA is acceptable, only as many capacitors as necessary are used for sampling, so as to provide the appropriate gain (by providing appropriate sampling capacitance during the sampling duration). In such variable load embodiments, the same capacitors used for sampling are read out together. Even in these embodiments, an initially discharged dummy capacitor may be used together with the sampling capacitors during the read out time to reduce the gain.

[0118] An initially discharged capacitor which is read together with capacitors holding the sample of interest simulates an effective resistor in the discrete time implementation, and reduces the gain. This capacitor may appear at the input of the IFA during the readout time and is discharged every time after the readout is completed and before the next sample is to be read.

[0119]FIG. 28 shows an example of an initially dischargeable capacitor 283 which can be incorporated into the embodiments of FIGS. 3, 3A (see broken line) and 8B. The DCU controls switches 281 (closed) and 282 (open) to make the capacitor 283 available for readout, and also controls switch 281 (open) and switch 282 (closed) to ensure that capacitor 283 is discharged before readout without affecting other system components.

[0120]FIG. 29 shows another example of how an initially dischargeable capacitor 305 can be incorporated into the embodiments of FIGS. 3 and 8B. The DCU controls switches 301 and 302 (both closed) to make capacitor 305 available for readout, and also control switches 301-304 to ensure that capacitor 305 is discharged before readout without affecting other system components (301 and 302 open, 303 and 304 closed).

[0121] In other embodiments, the charge is accumulated together on N sampling capacitors in parallel. During the read out time the voltage that is read out can be increased by placing the sampling capacitors in series at the input of the IFA. The effective capacitance of the series combination of these N capacitors is 1/N^(th) of one sampling capacitor. Since the same charge is now read from 1/N^(th) of the sampling capacitance, and since Q=CV, the voltage read out by the IFA is N times the voltage on an individual capacitor. This type of scheme has been used to provide the so-called “passive-gain” in a sigma-delta modulator. FIG. 30 shows an example of how the sampling capacitors of four stages, e.g. in FIG. 3 or 3A, can be arranged in parallel for sampling and in series for readout. The DCU can control switches 280 and 282 (all closed) to connect the capacitors in parallel for sampling, and can control switches 280 (open) and switches 282 (closed) to connect the capacitors in series for readout.

[0122] Many topological constructs can be devised to provide a desired gain to the sampled signal. Some capacitors may be placed in series while others are in parallel to provide a desired gain to the sampled signal. For example, in FIG. 30, capacitors C1 and C2 could be read out in series via R1, while C3 and C4 are read out in parallel via R3 and R4.

[0123] A dummy capacitor may also be used in the configuration shown in FIG. 31. In such embodiments, each dummy capacitor CG is active on all of the associated half-cycles, and samples together with either C_(A1) or C_(A2). C_(A1) and C_(A2) represent either single capacitors as shown or banks of N capacitors each. These N capacitors may sample together with the associated C_(G) or each of these N capacitors can sample together with C_(G) during respectively corresponding time intervals, wherein the N capacitors sample with C_(G) on a rotating basis. The charge on each C_(G) can be destroyed when the opposite phase of the current waveform is being sampled by the other C_(G). During this charge destruction, the associated rotating capacitors represented by C_(A1) and C_(A2) may or may not be disconnected from C_(G). The voltage gain on the associated sampling capacitors (or banks) C_(A1) and C_(A2) can therefore be reduced gradually while more and more charge is accumulated during the sampling times.

[0124] In the embodiments of FIG. 31, the gain reduction is not performed one-shot just before the read-out, but rather is continually reduced during the sampling process while more charge is accumulated on the rotating capacitors. Hence, if the received signal is very strong such that accumulation of N samples may overflow the voltage on the sampling capacitors after a few cycles of integration, the approach of FIG. 31 can “leak” this charge when necessary to ensure that no overflow occurs. If gain reduction is not desired, CG is not discharged.

[0125] Turning now to another feature of the invention, RSSI measurement allows the receiver to operate the automatic gain control mechanism of the receiver so that none of the stages in the receiver operate in saturation. RSSI stands for received signal strength indicator and it indicates the power of the received signal. This value can be used by a control circuit to determine the gain setting of the receiver such that the incoming signal can be converted to digital form without saturating any stage of the receiver.

[0126] The traditional approach to obtain RSSI is to pass the down-converted received signal through a cascade of amplifiers each providing the same gain, A. The output of each amplifier stage is read out as a digital word. As the signal is amplified through the amplifier stages, it is gained up until one of the amplifier outputs saturates. Then the outputs of all the following amplifiers also saturate. Taken together, the digital words read out from the outputs of the cascaded amplifiers provide a thermometer encoded word which indicates how many stages the signal traverses before causing saturation. The smaller the signal, the more stages it will pass before saturating an amplifier. Hence this thermometer coded word indicates the power of the received signal and may be used to control the AGC (automatic gain control) mechanism. This approach requires constructing many amplifiers, each of which consumes area and dissipates power.

[0127] In the aforementioned current steering mixer embodiments, many capacitors can be charged together for a pre-determined time (i.e. a fixed number of cycles). These capacitors may be logarithmically related to each other or may be of the same size or may have any desired relationship to each other. The output voltage read out to the IFA will be proportional to the total capacitance that is active during the charge cycle. After the readout operation, the sampling capacitors are discharged (via the aforementioned shorting switches SH).

[0128] Therefore, in the next charge cycle, one of the capacitors can be removed from the total sampling capacitance such that a smaller total capacitance is charged with the received cycles for the same predetermined time duration as before. The sampled charge on the smaller capacitance is presented to the IFA as a larger voltage. The process is repeated so that, every time, one more capacitor is reduced from the total sampling capacitance and a larger output is read out to the IFA. The collection of digitized IFA outputs forms a sequence of digital words which together provide a thermometer encoded word that indicates the value of the sampling capacitance which caused the IFA to saturate.

[0129] In this approach, the IFA is used repeatedly to generate the RSSI in a serial fashion. It re-uses the same amplifier (25) which is used in normal operation, and therefore implements RSSI in a power and area efficient manner. This measurement can be made, for example, between packets (e.g. during training periods) or within packets of received data. Due to the high over-sampling rate of the mixer, the measurement can be made very often without significantly affecting the received signal energy, because some of the over-samples can be used to make the measurement of RSSI. During this measurement, any memory capacitors at the input of the IFA, such as C_(A) in the FIG. 3A embodiments, may be disconnected so that the IFA produces the voltage of the sampling capacitance without any charge redistribution to, for example, the memory capacitor at the read out time. This can be achieved, for example, by inserting a switch 320 as shown in FIG. 32. The DCU can open switch 320 to isolate C_(A) during RSSI measurement.

[0130] The same concept may be used anywhere in the receiver chain by implementing a current source that charges a programmable capacitance and presenting the voltage on that capacitance to an amplifier whose output is interpreted as a digital word. The capacitance is reduced in each subsequent cycle, and the corresponding digital words are stored (see 330 in FIG. 33) until the smallest capacitance is presented to the current source for the charging cycle. The digital words collected together form the RSSI measurement, which can be interpreted by logic 331 to determine the received signal strength, which can in turn be used by logic 331 to provide a gain setting to the DCU. The DCU can then implement the desired gain, for example, in the manners described above relative to FIGS. 28-31.

[0131]FIG. 34 illustrates exemplary operations which can be performed by the embodiments of FIGS. 32 and 33. After selecting an initial sampling capacitance value C_(RSSI) at 340, and after disconnecting any memory capacitors (for example C_(A) of FIGS. 3A and 32) at 341, the capacitance C_(RSSI) is used at 342 to sample the incoming signal. At 343, the sampled signal is read out, digitized and stored. It is then determined at 344 whether the present value of C_(RSSI) is the smallest value to be used. If not, then all sampling capacitors are discharged at 345, the sampling capacitance value C_(RSSI) is decremented at 346, and the next sample is taken at 342. If the present sampling capacitance value C_(RSSI) is determined at 344 to be the smallest value, then the digital words that have been stored at 343 are valuated at 347 to determine the received signal strength (RSS). The gain is then set at 349 based on the received signal strength.

[0132] Although half cycles of the current waveform 21 are integrated in the exemplary embodiments described above, it will be evident to workers in the art that any of the above-described embodiments can be implemented such that fractional cycles of any desired size are integrated. As an example, FIG. 4A is generally similar to FIG. 4, but illustrates a situation where each sample SA1, SA2, . . . corresponds to integration of a quarter cycle of the current waveform 21. Exemplary embodiments which implement the quarter cycle integration illustrated in FIG. 4A can, for example, utilize two sampling stages (or two banks of sampling stages) where only a single sampling stage (or a single bank of stages) is used in the above-described embodiments that use half cycle integration. This can be seen by comparing the example of FIG. 5, which integrates half cycles (see also FIG. 4), with the example of FIG. 5B, which is generally similar to FIG. 5 but integrates quarter cycles (see also FIG. 4B).

[0133] Note that any suitable charge transfer technology can be used to support the embodiments described herein. In the exemplary embodiments described above, voltage is converted to current, which is integrated on sampling capacitors, and the resulting charge is manipulated to perform filtering. However, any technology which permits sampling the area under the RF carrier half periods and then manipulating these samples can be used.

[0134] It will be apparent to workers in the art that the digitally controlled filtering technique described above can reduce the dynamic range requirements of subsequent stages in the analog front end. By appropriate control of the DCU bus lines, an arbitrary decimating FIR filter function can be realized. Multi-bit coefficient resolution can be obtained in a direct sampling mixer. The invention provides digital controls for an FIR filter, which can be used to provide a programmable transfer function through a DSP core or other microcontroller/microprocessor. The FIR filter permits rejection of unwanted energy, thereby reducing the dynamic range of subsequent components in the signal path. This has the potential of reducing the power dissipation while providing programmability of the signal path immediately after the LNTA. The invention can be used, for example, to provide a highly integrated RF front end design in deep submicron CMOS technology at a relatively low cost. The invention is also readily applicable to technologies other than CMOS. The disclosed sampling in the current domain provides a high degree of tolerance of timing jitter in the sampling clock. The invention also provides high linearity in a subsampling receiver architecture because the filter transfer function(s) can be designed to ensure that the sampling switches can be operated in their linear region of operation during the sampling process.

[0135] The invention provides further exemplary advantages, such as the ability to combine charges from different samples to obtain filtering, the ability to mix an RF signal to IF by controlling the amount of time that the RF waveform is integrated on the sampling capacitor, the ability to mix by commutation (that is, inverting the odd samples and combining them with even samples). Other exemplary advantages include a simple design and robustness.

[0136] Although exemplary embodiments of the invention are described above in detail, this does not limit the scope of the invention, which can be practiced in a variety of embodiments. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of downconverting a first periodic voltage waveform into a second periodic voltage waveform, comprising: obtaining from the first voltage waveform a plurality of temporally distinct samples respectively indicative of areas under corresponding fractional-cycles of the first voltage waveform; combining the samples to produce the second voltage waveform; and manipulating the samples to provide gain adjustment to the second voltage waveform.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said obtaining step includes transforming the first voltage waveform into a corresponding current waveform, and integrating fractional-cycles of the current waveform.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein said integrating step includes using each said fractional-cycle of the current waveform to charge a corresponding capacitor.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein said manipulating step includes, in said using step, using one of said fractional-cycles to charge a plurality of capacitors.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein said manipulating step includes, in said combining step, simultaneously dumping charge from less than all of said plurality of capacitors.
 6. The method of claim 4, wherein said manipulating step includes, in said combining step, simultaneously dumping charge from all of said plurality of capacitors.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein said manipulating step includes, in said combining step, discharging at least one of said plurality of capacitors before said simultaneously dumping step.
 8. The method of claim 6, wherein said simultaneously dumping step includes, simultaneously with said simultaneous dumping of charge from all of said plurality of capacitors, dumping charge from a further capacitor that has not been charged by said one fractional cycle.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein said manipulating step includes, in said combining step, discharging said further capacitor before said simultaneously dumping step.
 10. The method of claim 4, wherein said using step includes using said one fractional cycle to charge said plurality of capacitors in parallel, and wherein said manipulating step includes, in said combining step, connecting said plurality of capacitors in series with one another and dumping charge from all of said series-connected capacitors.
 11. The method of claim 4, wherein said using step includes using said one fractional cycle to charge said plurality of capacitors in parallel, and wherein said manipulating step includes, in said combining step, connecting some of said plurality of capacitors in series with one another and simultaneously dumping charge from said series-connected capacitors and the remainder of said plurality of capacitors.
 12. The method of claim 3, wherein said manipulating step includes, in said using step, using a plurality of said fractional cycles to charge a single capacitor.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the first voltage waveform is an RF waveform.
 14. An apparatus for downconverting a first periodic voltage waveform into a second periodic voltage waveform, comprising: an input for receiving the first voltage waveform; a sampler coupled to said input for obtaining from the first voltage waveform a plurality of temporally distinct samples respectively indicative of areas under corresponding fractional-cycles of the first voltage waveform; a combiner coupled to said sampler for combining the samples to produce the second voltage waveform; and at least one of said sampler and said combiner operable for manipulating the samples to provide gain adjustment to the second voltage waveform.
 15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein said sampler includes a transconductance amplifier for transforming the first voltage waveform into a corresponding current waveform, and a plurality of capacitors coupled to said transconductance amplifier for integrating fractional-cycles of the current waveform.
 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein said sampler is operable for using each said fractional-cycle of the current waveform to charge a corresponding one of said capacitors.
 17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein said sampler is operable for using one of the fractional-cycles of the current waveform to charge a group of said capacitors.
 18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein said combiner is operable for simultaneously dumping charge from less than all of said group of capacitors.
 19. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein said combiner is operable for simultaneously dumping charge from all of said group of capacitors.
 20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein said combiner is operable for discharging at least one of said group of capacitors before simultaneously dumping charge from all of said group of capacitors.
 21. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein said combiner includes a further capacitor that is coupled to said group of capacitors and is not charged by said one fractional-cycle, said combiner operable for simultaneously dumping charge from all of said group of capacitors and said further capacitor.
 22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein said combiner is operable for discharging said further capacitor before simultaneously dumping charge from said group of capacitors and said further capacitor.
 23. The apparatus of Claim 17, wherein said sampler is for using said one fractional cycle to charge said group of capacitors in parallel, and wherein said combiner is for connecting said group of capacitors in series with one another and dumping charge from all of said series-connected capacitors.
 24. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein said sampler is for using said one fractional cycle to charge said group of capacitors in parallel, and wherein said combiner is for connecting some of said group of capacitors in series with one another and simultaneously dumping charge from said series-connected capacitors and the remainder of said group of capacitors.
 25. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein said sampler is operable for using a plurality of said fractional-cycles of the current waveform to charge a single one of said capacitors.
 26. A communication receiving apparatus, comprising: an input for receiving a communication signal formed as a first periodic voltage waveform; a mixer coupled to said input for downconverting the first periodic voltage waveform into a second periodic voltage waveform, including a sampler coupled to said input for obtaining from the first voltage waveform a plurality of temporally distinct samples respectively indicative of areas under corresponding fractional-cycles of the first voltage waveform, a combiner coupled to said sampler for combining the samples to produce the second voltage waveform, and at least one of said sampler and said combiner operable for manipulating the samples to provide gain adjustment to the second voltage waveform; and a signal processing portion coupled to said mixer for receiving and processing the second voltage waveform.
 27. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein said communication signal is an RF communication signal.
 28. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein said signal processing portion includes an analog signal processing portion, a digital signal processing portion, and an analog-to-digital converter connected therebetween.
 29. A method of downconverting a first periodic voltage waveform into a second periodic voltage waveform, comprising: obtaining from the first voltage waveform a plurality of temporally distinct samples respectively indicative of areas under corresponding fractional-cycles of the first voltage waveform; combining the samples to produce the second voltage waveform; said obtaining step including transforming the first voltage waveform into a corresponding current waveform and, during respective non-overlapping sample time intervals of equal length, using at least one fractional-cycle of the current waveform to charge respective capacitances whose values differ from one another; and determining a signal strength associated with the first voltage waveform based on portions of the second voltage waveform that respectively correspond to said sample time intervals.
 30. The method of claim 29, wherein, for each of said sample time intervals, the associated capacitance value is smaller than all capacitance values associated with all earlier ones of said sample time intervals and is larger than all capacitance values associated with all later ones of said sample time intervals.
 31. The method of claim 29, wherein said determining step includes, for each of said portions of the second voltage waveform, obtaining a corresponding digital representation thereof, and evaluating the digital representations to determine the signal strength of the first voltage waveform.
 32. The method of claim 29, including, before each of said sample time intervals, discharging the capacitance associated with that sample time interval.
 33. The method of claim 29, including, responsive to the determined signal strength, manipulating subsequent said samples to provide gain adjustment to the second voltage waveform.
 34. An apparatus for downconverting a first periodic voltage waveform into a second periodic voltage waveform, comprising: an input for receiving the first voltage waveform; a sampler coupled to said input for obtaining from the first voltage waveform a plurality of temporally distinct samples respectively indicative of areas under corresponding fractional-cycles of the first voltage waveform; a combiner coupled to said sampler for combing the samples to produce the second voltage waveform; said sampler including a transconductance amplifier for transforming the first voltage waveform into a corresponding current waveform, and a plurality of capacitors coupled to said transconductance amplifier for integrating fractional-cycles of the current waveform, said sampler operable for using at least one fractional-cycle of the current waveform to charge a corresponding capacitance provided by at least one of said capacitors, said sampler further for, during respective non-overlapping sample time intervals of equal length, using at least one fractional-cycle of the current waveform to charge respective capacitances whose values differ from one another; and a signal strength determiner coupled to said combiner for receiving the second voltage waveform, said signal strength determiner for determining a signal strength associated with the first voltage waveform based on portions of the second voltage waveform that respectively correspond to said sample time intervals.
 35. The apparatus of claim 34, wherein, for each of said sample time intervals, the associated capacitance value is smaller than all capacitance values associated with all earlier ones of said sample time intervals and is larger than all capacitance values associated with all later ones of said sample time intervals.
 36. The apparatus of claim 34, wherein said signal strength determiner is operable for obtaining a plurality of digital representations which respectively correspond to said portions of the second voltage waveform, and for evaluating the digital representations to determine the signal strength of the first voltage waveform.
 37. The apparatus of claim 34, wherein said sampler is operable before each of said sample time intervals for discharging the capacitance associated with that sample time interval.
 38. The apparatus of claim 34, wherein at least one of said sampler and said combiner is coupled to said signal strength determiner and responsive to the determined signal strength for manipulating subsequent said samples to provide gain adjustment to the second voltage waveform.
 39. A communication receiving apparatus, comprising: an input for receiving a communication signal formed as a first periodic voltage waveform; a mixer coupled to said input for downconverting the first periodic voltage waveform into a second periodic voltage waveform, including a sampler coupled to said input for obtaining from the first voltage waveform a plurality of temporarily distinct samples respectively indicative of areas under corresponding fractional-cycles of the first voltage waveform, and a combiner coupled to said sampler for combining the samples to produce the second voltage waveform; said sampler including a transconductance amplifier for transforming the first voltage waveform into a corresponding current waveform, and a plurality of capacitors coupled to said transconductance amplifier for integrating fractional-cycles of the current waveform, said sampler operable for using at least one fractional-cycle of the current waveform to charge a corresponding capacitance provided by at least one of said capacitors, said sampler further for, during respective non-overlapping sample time intervals of equal length, using at least one fractional-cycle of the current waveform to charge respective capacitances whose values differ from one another; and a signal processing portion coupled to said mixer for receiving and processing the second voltage waveform, including a signal strength determiner for determining a signal strength associated with the first voltage waveform based on portions of the second voltage waveform that respectively correspond to said sample time intervals.
 40. The apparatus of claim 39, wherein said communication signal is an RF communication signal.
 41. The apparatus of claim 39, wherein said signal processing portion includes an analog signal processing portion, a baseband digital signal processing portion, and an analog-to-digital converter connected therebetween.
 42. The apparatus of claim 39, wherein said signal strength determiner includes said analog-to-digital converter operable for obtaining a plurality of digital representations which respectively correspond to said portions of the second voltage waveform, and said baseband digital signal processing portion for evaluating the digital representations to determine the signal strength of the first voltage waveform.
 43. The apparatus of claim 39, wherein at least one of said sampler and said combiner is coupled to said signal strength determiner and responsive to the determined signal strength for manipulating subsequent said samples to provide gain adjustment to the second voltage waveform.
 44. The apparatus of claim 39, wherein said fractional cycles are one of half cycles and quarter cycles.
 45. The apparatus of claim 34, wherein said fractional cycles are one of half cycles and quarter cycles.
 46. The method of claim 29, wherein said fractional cycles are one of half cycles and quarter cycles.
 47. The apparatus of claim 26, wherein said fractional cycles are one of half cycles and quarter cycles.
 48. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein said fractional cycles are one of half cycles and quarter cycles.
 49. The method of claim 1, wherein said fractional cycles are one of half cycles and quarter cycles. 